I’ve been hearing so much about Cleon Skousen’s “The 5000-Year Leap” — from Glenn Beck, obviously, and also from friends of mine — that I decided to read it. There are reasons that I should be inclined in the direction of Skousen’s arguments: I am, like Skousen and Beck, a Mormon; and I do in fact believe that America is a special place. Not without its flaws, mind you, and I don’t believe in American exceptionalism. But I think that America has a destiny. I do.
So I read the book. And it’s a crock, overall. He makes some decent points, and some of the things he says in the book are in fact true. But overall: almost unthinkably poor scholarship, conclusions drawn from thin air, support for points carefully selected while ignoring equally compelling opposing views, etc. As a former high-school English teacher: I give it a C-.
I should give here a little background on Cleon Skousen. I remember, from the time I was a kid, hearing about Cleon Skousen. He was one of those Mormons who had gained a measure of “fame” among their fellow worshippers, without actually holding a position of authority in the church — and he had also developed a following outside the church. Perhaps the analogous personality in today’s Mormon church might be Steven R. Covey (although I don’t equate the two in any other way than their fame — I really admire Dr. Covey’s work). It was easy to confuse Cleon Skousen back then with a church authority — I think, in fact, that my young mind muddled the two. I just sort of assumed he was somebody I was supposed to pay attention to.
But Skousen was actually a long way from church authority, though I didn’t know it up in northern Idaho. He was a bit of a nutjob, truth be told — a former FBI man who made claims about his connections in the agency that simply weren’t true, a guy who preferred to be called “Dr. Skousen” when his degree was a law degree, a Salt Lake police chief whose methods were said to resemble “a gestapo,” and a writer and speaker on topics as fanciful as the Red Scare and the notion that the Rockefellers had aided the election of Jimmy Carter to foster a “world government.” You know… a good ol’ tinfoil-hat guy. Eventually the Mormon church issued a communique distancing itself from Skousen and his organization, the Freemen Institute. That ought to tell you how far to the right Skousen is.
On to the book everyone’s so gaga about: a major portion of the book is intent on convincing us that the Founding Fathers intended to build an explicitly Christian nation. Let’s talk about that.
To be clear: I firmly believe three things: (a) that the Founding Fathers certainly intended for Christianity (in all its forms) to thrive in the American nation. I also believe, because I’m sane and I know my history, that they also intended for Jews and Muslims and yes, even atheists, to find place here. (b) I believe that the separation of church and state which was so passionately a part of our founding documents was designed primarily (but not exclusively) to protect the church from the influence of the state. Think of where these people came from: their experience was not with an oppressive church wielding power over the state — it was the opposite. I don’t take that to mean that the Founding Fathers were unaware of the possibility of tyranny arising from a powerful church (hey, wait a minute… were they thinking about us?); but I think that their sensibilities were more in line with protecting people’s rights to worship. (c) While I believe that the current “anti-Christian” sentiment has been brought on mostly by Christians overreaching and wielding too much influence in government, I nevertheless think that this sentiment is a bad thing. While this is demonstrably not a Christian theocracy, it is still true that most Americans are Christian, or at least have Christian sympathies. As usual, the middle ground is best: Christianity is neither a thing to be rooted out of our government, nor is it the driving force behind our government. It is simply what feeds the sensibilities of most Americans, and should thus be honored and respected — but not revered.
Skousen, as you might expect, picks and chooses quotes in an attempt to show that America was designed to be Christian. (He uses “Natural Law” and other designations, but it’s clear that he’s talking about Christianity — he would not be pleased to discover that America was a highly pious Muslim nation.) For completeness, I should also note that Skousen is a free-market guy, a states’-rights guy and a small-government guy, and I think he may have excellent points on some of those (particularly states’ rights). (Republican friends: don’t pick at that statement. Please be humble enough to remember that your guys oversaw the largest expansion of our federal government in the history of the nation, and that… well, they were: Not. Right. About. ANYTHING.)
For example: Skousen selects this quote from Benjamin Franklin to show that, instead of being what he was (a noted Deist), Franklin had Christian notions — and then he suggests that these notions were shared by all the framers of the Constitution:
Here is my creed. I believe in one God, Creator of the universe. That he governs it by his providence. That he ought to be worshipped. That the most acceptable service we render to him is doing good to his other children. That the soul of Man is immortal, and will be treated with justice in another life respecting its conduct in this. These I take to be the fundamental points in all sound religion…
The first problem here, of course, is that even if we stipulated that this was an accurate description of Franklin’s “Christian” sentiments, it doesn’t show a thing about the rest of the Founding Fathers (who fought and debated on everything, and among whom were other deists, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington).
The second and more damning problem is that it’s only part of the quote (a common theme in The 5000-Year Leap). The rest of the quote makes one wonder how often this kind of misstatement of positions happens in the book:
As for Jesus of Nazareth, my opinion of whom you particularly desire, I think his system of morals and his religion, as he left them to us, the best the world ever saw or is likely to see; but I apprehend it has received various corrupting changes, and I have, with most of the present dissenters in England, some doubts as to his divinity; though it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and think it needless to busy myself with now, when I expect soon an opportunity of knowing the truth with less trouble. I see no harm, however, in its being believed, if that belief has the good consequence, as it probably has, of making his doctrines more respected and better observed, especially as I do not perceive that the Supreme takes it amiss, by distinguishing the unbelievers in his government of the world with any particular marks of his displeasure.
Look, I’m not trying to say that we should all be Deists, nor am I saying that Christianity has no place in our lives (obviously). I’m just saying: this is a book frought with inaccuracies and misstatements, it is written by an incredible extremist and something of a charlatan, and too many people are reading it as though it were the new Bible. Put it down.
What is equally disconcerting, of course, is the other side: folks who hold the notion that the Constitution is completely Godless. While there is scant evidence to support a strongly Christian Constitution, there is even less to support the idea that the Founding Fathers were trying to create a nation not under God, but beyond God. This is nonsense in the extreme, and attempts at this conclusion torture the facts beyond recognition.
The fact is, the framers of the constitution were a large and diverse group of men, many of whom were Christian, some of whom were devoutly so. Many others, though, and particularly key players, simply weren’t. They fought and argued and bickered and… well, they produced something wonderful. We don’t need to go back to John Locke or de Toqueville to divine the intent of the Founding Fathers: it’s there on the page, for all of us to see, and it is the most enduring and wonderful political document this world has ever seen.